Apr 2000, 122 (2): 388-393 (6 pages) Superfinishing is an abrasive finishing process in which a smooth work surface is produced by simultaneously loading a bonded abrasive stone against a rotating workpiece surface and oscillating (reciprocating) the stone. Grinding power was measured for all five material removal rates tested in this study. The potential freedom of design offered by AM is, however, often limited when printing complex geometries due to an inability to support. Stickies and charge control stock additive. Processing of materials (e. It also required a new mindset and a new way of running. 3 Magnetic Float Polishing 6. The highest quality is easily achieved, even for small batches and single parts. As the inventors of ISF Technology and global leaders in precision isotropic superfinishing,. Fintek specialise in reducing surface roughness of metal parts, whether produced by machining or additive manufacturing. Grinding wheels with different grit sizes achieve rougher or finer grinding passes, according to the needs of the application. Additive Manufacturing. Layering metal powders can be used to create precision objects in a variety of shapes. Bending fatigue, dynamic fatigue and fatigue-related failures in gears, airfoils and other components occur after repeated loading and unloading cycles and are commonly classified as low cycle fatigue (LCF) or high cycle fatigue (HCF). Building layer-by-layer, In the stereolithography process, the build material is: a. Ti-6Al-4V samples were made using both electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM),. By joining block segments b. Metal additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is one of the digital technologies in the fourth industrial revolution – so called the ‘Industry 4. Additive manufacturing is a technique that creates physical objects from digital models. The materials include alloys and nano-Isotropic superfinishing is a customizable manufacturing operation whereby tens or hundreds of gears can be simultaneously processed in the same piece of vibratory equipment, or where a small number of highly critical gears can be processed in an isolated (compartment-based) fashion. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an appropriate name to describe the technologies that build 3D objects by adding layer-upon-layer of material, whether the material is plastic, metal, concrete or one day…. Read more about Turbine. com. Superfinishing Machine Nano. REM’s Extreme ISF Process (a suite of isotropic superfinishing/polishing processes) has been shown to significantly improve Metal AM component fatigue life (matching machined component performance in some cases) and is capable of finishing the extremely challenging geometries that generative design and design for additive manufacturing. [] In 2021 they published 19,592. 3. Biocide - Organic. The world of rolling bearings is almost endless. Thanks to its modular design, the Supfina LCM is the ideal carrier machine for attachments. Creation of a surface with a high load-bearing capacity and good lubricating properties. helps the green development of the new energy vehicle industry. Superfinishing, also known as micromachining, microfinishing, and short-stroke honing, is a metalworking process that improves surface finish and workpiece geometry. In an ideal world,CIMT 2023 – Supfina hard-coated brake disc grinding technology. The complex components manufactured by this technique have a high surface roughness, which reduces fatigue strength, influences the wear of mating components, reduces the. ”. melting, hot/cold working, heat treating, additive manufacturing, and finishing processes such as coating/plating, superfinishing, peening, etc. Whatever your surface-finishing task, we can develop and manufacture the solution. A part starts as a block of material, or perhaps a forging or casting. In this paper, a new post-process finishing technique, based on ultrasonic cavitation effects. Find out more in the Solutions section. Supfina. The material-conversion processes usually start with a forging or forming process followed by soft (green) machining to create the desired form and. 1. ISF® – Isotropic Superfinishing is a chemically accelerated finishing method developed by REM Chemicals, that generates a non-directional low Ra surface. Wires and powders can generally be used as filler material forms in this subgroup. Consortium Successfully Implements Automated AM Production Line at BMW Group. The event’s structure enables the participant to attend on either two days or the. (5 mm). 0ʼ [1], [2], [3]. Mechanical properties are directly compared to other works in the field and similar additive manufacturing (AM) and Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) manufacturing alternatives from the literature. - profiled for concave or convex machining. We are an online portal for the CNC machine industry and manufacturing domain. Additive manufacturing (AM) metallurgy has its own unique set of processing-structure-property relationships, although many aspects involve powder and welding metallurgy. Enrollment No. ISO Finishing works on products made of all types of materials. Additive manufacturing became well-known under the catchword of 3D printing. : +1 401-294-6600 [email protected] use of conventional manufacturing methods is mainly limited by the size of the production run and the geometrical complexity of the component, and as a result we are occasionally forced to use processes and tools that increase the final cost of the element being produced. Some are succeeding with additive technology today. Latest Issue | Additive Manufacturing. Metal-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes often produce parts with improved properties compared to conventional manufacturing and metal working. In this session, learn about how Autodesk is integrating design into the manufacturing process. Binder Jet printing is an additive manufacturing technique that dispenses liquid binding agent on powder to form a two-dimensional pattern on a layer. 3. The post processing of the fabricated parts is time. Supfina Grieshaber has many decades. : +1 401-294-6600 info-na@supfina. They use cold spray technology rather than sintering or melt-based forming techniques. Additive manufacturing is suitable for small-sized components containing enclosed features that. Here is a quick-run down of a typical Centrifugal iso-Finishing process for smoothing and polishing. Pros and Cons of Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing Pros of Additive Manufacturing. Whether fixed in place, manually adjustable or NC controlled, as many as six Supfina attachments for stone and tape finishing can be used at the same time as brushing and polishing attachments. Additive manufacturing requires strict control of the entire process from powder through AM build and post-processing. Flexible manufacturing cells; interlinking; and loading/unloading systems are just some of our automation solutions. Austenitic stainless steel (type 316L) from 3 different manufacturing processes was used in this study. But the application of other technologies in the. 2 Magnetorheological Finishing 6. From the gigantic bearings of offshore wind turbines to the micro bearings of the smallest variable displacement motors in our cars, a wide variety of shapes and sizes are used. Results indicate that the GO nanosheet additive can significantly improve the dispersibility and stability of KOH-based silica slurry. 5 Buffing 6. AM is perceived as an environmentally friendly and sustainable technology and has already gained a lot of attention globally. With the Face series, Supfina provides the ultimate solution for versatile flat finishing for medium and large workpiece volumes – fast and flexible. Choosing Your Finishing Level. Are you looking for a way to make a. Race finishing Superfinishing of antifriction bearings Inner and outer rings. During this process, the powder is deposited layer-by-layer (~20–150 µm thick), and a laser beam (either continuous or pulsed wave) is applied to selectively melt the desired region. What is additive manufacturing? Additive manufacturing is the process of building physical objects by layering materials like metal, plastic, or concrete. Innovative new processes such PULSE FINISHING enable OTEC to replace conventional methods such as the so-called Superfinishing. com +44 (0) 1327 350205. Unfortunately, the most meticulous. 6. Your Industry. Isotropic superfinishing, is basically a vibratory finishing system but with smaller abrasive particles and added chemical accelerants. Ranging from biomedical stent in artery to aerojet turbine blades, consecutively adding materials layer-by-layer enables sophisticated parts to be printed. The white paper states that NASA has found out that finishing to such precision of MMP technology, leads to 0. About us; For your success. Learn what superfinishing be, what applications it shoud live uses for and why you should take care when specifying surface finish parameters. Fortunately, there are steps that can be taken to give that object the look and even feel of an object that has been produced through other means. The h-LPBF process uses in-situ, interlayer vertical milling to machine certain inaccessible, critical internal features of the QWR device during printing. Method. 2. Fig. AMS includes panels and keynotes on topics most critical in the fast-growing world of additive manufacturing. Part pattern c. springer. This includes steel in all of its many alloys, but also ceramic, plastic, monocrystalline silicon, cast iron, and non-ferrous metals. For the superfinish processing of ground and finely turned surfaces, also for tapered roller bearings with small undercuts. postprocessing is rarely viewed in a favorable light. The 18 th China International Machine Tool show (CIMT 2023) will be held in April. Accordingly, AM technologies have given great flexibility in design for building complex components, highly customized products,. Services. Keshavan says superfinishing has advanced beyond hard tooling. The most common term for additive fabrication is rapid prototyping. g. The CASE is a two-stage process consisting of shot-peening followed by the vibratory superfinishing process. Therefore, the. REM Surface Engineering and Additive Manufacturing. The pneumatic oscillator delivers very high frequency (1600-5100 strokes minute), short amplitude (0. A. 1. human tissue. Secondly, since milling is a subtractive process, there is. , where the jet engine maker opened the industry’s first site for mass production using the additive manufacturing process. This is possible because, unlike with early metal AM processes, parts are now fully dense with few pores and gain structures often equivalent. To choose the optimal manufacturing workflow, one must. It is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing, in which an object is created by cutting away at a solid block of material until the final product is complete. Further information as PDF file The Reasons Why Super Finishing Enhances Component Performance. Testing of these materials showed flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact. REM’s complete isotropic superfinishing systems are robust equipment solutions for increasing the quality, volume, and reliability of the metal finishing and surface polishing processes at your company. Benefits of Additive Manufacturing. It is a process that uses special software and equipment. Additive manufacturing on orbit and on celestial bodies. What’s more, any workpiece with a coating — from tungsten carbide to chromium to copper. Superfinishing sleeves and cup wheels. Dr. The manufacturing business is growing, the Additive market is thriving, and India is undoubtedly in the focus. Makra Pro is an additive manufacturing service provider that has developed a novel process for molding leather, a popular trim material in luxury cars that can be difficult to shape, using 3D printed dies. REM President & CEO, Justin Michaud, will be. The past decades have seen Additive Manufacturing (AM) develop from an idea to a groundbreaking technology, revolutionizing metal component manufacturing across many industries. 47 billion in 2020. From simple deburring, edge-honing, smoothing and polishing through to high performance superfinishing, precision engineers are assured a fast and efficient service. As such, from. SPEE3D is a relatively new entrant into the additive manufacturing industry. Easy accessibility. The prediction of surface roughness for additively manufactured components is a fundamental application of machine learning, where data-driven modeling is used to predict the surface roughness of. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Additive or direct-digital processing beings with a: a. Institute for our above-average research and patenting activities. Summary: Additive Manufacturing (AM) is revolutionizing many industries, including the aerospace and space industries. Abstract. The continuous increase of shape complexity imposes new challenges in terms of inspection, product qualification and process monitoring methodologies. If the starting resin. 2185 product categories. No change was expected since the superfinishing removes only approximately 0. As the inherent "balling effect","powder adhesion" in additive manufacturing lead to the poor surface roughness [1-3], polishing process is inevitable to fulfillrequirement of surface quality. Technical Coatings enable smooth and sealed surfaces with specific functions. Superfinishing and/or shot peening of gear tooth flanks and roots removes the tiny corrosion pits in those highly stressed surfaces, that are an inevitable result of the manufacturing process. Regards, Terry Increasingly tight tolerances between mating surfaces, especially on wear parts, call for additional processing. These processes work on adding material instead of removing it. Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is a process used to create a physical (or 3D) object by layering materials one by one based on a digital model. With this experience, highly modularized and flexible manufacturing solutions are now being created for a wide range of industries worldwide. It gives engineers far more freedom to produce components with complex shapes, more than what is possible using subtractive methods. The equipment will then take this CAD file and. Metalworking’s leading information resource SubscribeOur proven process makes us the ideal partner for additive manufacturers in a wide range of industries. Ranging from biomedical stent in artery to aerojet turbine blades, consecutively adding materials layer-by-layer enables sophisticated parts to be printed. Additive Manufacturing, Beyond Hobbyist 3D Printing. 3. Sroka and A. • There may be a many of ways as to how the 3D source data can be created. Additive vsSubtractive Manufacturing Figure: Features that represent problems using CNC machining. The extremely rigid machine bed enables grinding of steel, sintered metal, non-ferrous metal, plastics, ceramics and glass. C. Accelerated Surface. Boilout additive concentrate. An Additive Manufacturing Machine Shop. 127 mm [63, 64]. Suitable turning and milling applications include roughing, semi-finishing and finishing, as well as interrupted cuts. Improved understanding of process parameters may reduce distortion and the need to machine. Platforms. Manufacturers often use plastic 3D printed parts for fast, custom, low-volume, or replacement parts and opt for subtractive metal processes for higher volumes or parts that are subject to. About us; For your success. Sandwell UK Ltd is a Surface Engineering, Coatings and Advanced Technology & Innovations company, globally supporting customers with specialist solutions, working with high end. 3 to 0. Additive manufacturing; Automation; Automotive; Aviation and Aerospace; Brake discs; Fittings and Locks; Glass, ceramics. In this session, learn about how Autodesk is integrating design into the manufacturing process. Frank Brückner. This week, the 30,000th additively-manufactured fuel nozzle tip “grew” on a 3D printer at GE Aviation’s plant in Auburn, Ala. In processes like machining, the material is a known quantity. Computer file b. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a technology that has the potential to fundamentally alter manufacturing, specifically metal manufacturing. Automotive 17 Nov 2023. While “hybrid” can be used to describe many combinations of subtractive and additive manufacturing (AM), “hybrid manufacturing” most often refers to the combination of machining and 3D printing, typically metal. Send email. Attachments can be permanently mounted, manually moved or NC controlled. We exist to deliver Additive Manufacturing AM 2. SurfaceTechnology GERMANY – the international meeting place for the industry – offers manufacturers of surface technology products and solutions a platform to present their latest technologies, products and services and to network with customers and partners from all over the world and from a wide range of industries. and built layer by layer from bottom to top using a heat source such as laser, electron beam or ultrasonication to melt and combine materials [6]. The process repeats until the entire part is created. These failures always occur at the weakest point on a component where high-stress concentrations and/or surface initiation. The term additive manufacturing (AM) refers, as is known, to a set of fabrication technology whose common characteristic is to manufacture a particular component by adding material, layer by layer, only where it is necessary, starting from digital data and a 3D CAD virtual model [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Supfina 90. The software will first create a design known as a Computer-Aided Design (CAD). And since additive manufacturing is the same cost regardless of the complexity of the part, it costs less to create complex parts than using milling. One of the advantages of the MMP process, particularly within the SuperBrightning area, resides in its ability to. CNC machining is a prominent process of subtractive manufacturing. -Corrosion analysis . Our methods have exceeded expectations by providing a better finishing quality and faster turnaround times than are typically possible in-house or as an outsourced operation. With the right start, superfinishing is a very effective and economical process for achieving mirror-like finishes. Developed in the early 20th century, nitriding has evolved into a standard process across many industrial applications. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING • According to ASTM Standard, Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, rapid prototyping or freeform fabrication, is ‘the process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies’ such as machining. Synonyms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer manu-facturing, layer manufacturing, and freeform fabrication’’ (Ref 1). /mm, the peak power draw during the grind was 1. ADD TO CALENDAR. A major benefit of additive manufacturing is the ability to consolidate existing multi-part assemblies into a single part. -Broad range of further analytic services around galvanic processes. 1. The main core of this method is the addition of material together to create a new object. Turbine Forum 2024 will take place 11-14 November 2024 at the Intercontinental Hotel in Houston, Texas. The additive manufacturing process is just the inverse of subtractive manufacturing, where the material is removed from a single piece of material using milling, cutting or turning; it is the method of adding or joining materials together using heat, pressure or magnetism/electricity. and Dehoff, Ryan}, abstractNote =. Nagel Precision Inc. A product starts out as a block of material large enough to make the part. Michaud,. The Supfina machine series Cenflex, Cenpro, MultiTool and LCM are used for plunge-cutting of shafts between centers. Although numerous well-known advantages of 3D additive. 1. Additive manufacturing to create objects entirely of metal. This paper discusses using a non-abrasive, high density media in conjunction with an isotropic superfinishing (ISF) chemistry. On the business. In this session, learn about how Autodesk is integrating design into the manufacturing process. The Supfina RollerPro is the sprinters among the Superfinishing machines. Additive manufacturing (AM) has many advantages: custom manufacturing, flexible production and easy customization, for example. Keywords: additive manufacturing, post-process superfinishing, space applications Growing adoption of Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies promises revolutionary beneficial changes in manufacturing, however, in many industries, particularly industries such as Aerospace (with complex qualifying standards), challenges in the form of various. Loose or unfused powder is removed during post processing and is recycled for the next build. Additive manufacturing techniques provide major competitive. Offering the best superfinishing tools means being able to prove their value. Complex Geometries: AM excels in producing intricate and complex geometries that would be challenging with subtractive manufacturing (SM). The highest quality is easily achieved, even for small batches and single parts. 2185 product categories. M. As a full-range supplier, Supfina not only automates its own equipment with clever systems, but also integrates value-adding and upstream and downstream processes. More than 50% of the worldwide engineering businesses revealed that they had increased their usage of 3D. Automation. 3T additive manufacturing ltd is a market leader in Additive Manufacturing (AM), also referred to as 3D Printing, producing complex, lightweight and high performance metal parts that are. In most manufacturing facilities, the low-hanging fruit for automation are the basic, lever-pulling tasks that workers don’t apply their human problem-solving or flexibility to. 3D model: Each student will identify a small assembly from the institute workshop/laboratory. 2. Cylindrical rollers. ,It has been shown that the effect of build orientation was of particular significance on the mechanical and geometric performance of FFF-metal 3-D. The latest generation of the Planet machine series takes double sided grinding, also known as Double Disk Grinding, to a new level. The ring gear has a diameter of 8. 1). Jason B. How isotropic superfinishing works. To add more flexibility to the superfinishing process, his own company, Nagel, has developed what it calls “D-flex” band technology that acts like a fixed abrasive but can flex to compensate for as much as a 15 mm change in diameter. SME (formerly: Society of Manufacturing Engineers) is a nation-wide networking and technical organization for manufacturing professionals. Despite its advancements, the surface quality of as-built PBF components remains unsatisfactory. AMS includes panels and keynotes on topics most critical in the fast-growing world of additive manufacturing. You can increase your efficiency and achieve high end precision on your parts. g. Thus, MMP technology proves its prowess in the real-life. Additive Manufacturing - Innovations in Forging. Further information as PDF. Additive manufacturing is quickly becoming a feasible option for full-scale manufacturing. ‘Additive Manufacturing assists in manufacturing end-use parts without any additional costs’. As such, Isotropic Super-Finishing is the process of creating a uniform, non-directional (isotropic) finish on a metal surface. Stewart Mitchell. Superfinishing removes the top layer of material on a workpiece’s surface to create a. Superfinishing, also known as micromachining, microfinishing, [1] and short-stroke honing, is a metalworking process that improves surface finish and workpiece geometry. Precision bearings are key components of mechanical equipment, and their quality almost restricts the overall development level of key technologies in the equipment manufacturing industry. 35-3mm) oscillation in a robust, mass-balanced design. Specific Capabilities: Validated shot peeningAs a technology of additive manufacturing (AM), selective laser melting (SLM) is widely used in metal printing, such as super-alloys, stainless steel. The crown was the same before and after superfinishing for both the ceramic and plastic superfinished discs. AM’s advantages include the freedom to produce small batches of intricate parts cost-effectively, as well as the freedom to realize part designs that. Michaud, Vice President of Strategy, REM Surface Engineering, [email protected] superfinishing with the longitudinal feed is one of the most productive finishing techniques. The latest generation of the Planet machine series takes double sided grinding, also known as Double Disk Grinding, to a new level. Depending on the workpiece dimensions, hundreds of rollers per minute can be machined in the centerless through-feed process. The Future of Manufacturing. This is precisely the feature that produces the unique characteristics of a perfectly machined surface. In this session, learn about how Autodesk is integrating design into the manufacturing process. In 2011, Elsevier published 4523 articles relating to AM. 254 mm thickness in most cases and, only for some materials, of 0. 3-D Printing is one of several approaches to additive. What is additive manufacturing? Additive manufacturing is the process of creating an object by building it one layer at a time. Unlike materials subtractive technologies, additive manufacturing (AM) works on producing near-net-shape components according to a specific design at which the synthesis is achieved. No matter your workpiece properties, the Supfina Spiro offers an ideal fine grinding solution for your most stringent tolerance and material requirements. The greatest possible flexibility when machining any raceway geometries. An example is GE’s additively manufactured fuel nozzle for CFM International’s LEAP aircraft engine. As a full-range supplier, Supfina not only automates its own equipment with clever systems, but also integrates value-adding and upstream and downstream processes. Primary Topics: Design for additive manufacturing Simulation. 539. With over 30 years of experience in manufacturing, Source has perfected many surface finishing processes on a wide range of products. Materials3. Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is popular because of its unique benefits such as the fabrication of complex geometries and personalized parts. ProtoCAM offers a variety of finishing options including a proprietary crystal-clear bottle finish—a technique developed. Figure 11 shows that as the MRR’ is increased, the grinding power also increases. Additive manufacturing is the process of creating an object by building it one layer at a time. The Turbine Forum is a technical conference all about the complexities involved to making and repairing engines for aerospace, space, power generation, oil and gas and industrial applications. 1. Additive manufacturing and gears. As a rule the objective of these applications is to give the workpiece a certain quality of surface finish ( e. AM allows for rapid printing, greatly reduced lead times, and complex designs/features not possible via traditional manufacturing. Abstract. The seventh annual Additive Manufacturing Strategies (AMS 2024) networking business summit takes place February 6-8, 2024, in New York City. What follows is a two-step process. The available Additive manufacturing processes are classified on the bases of various character-istics such as type of raw material used, form of raw material and principle used [1]. Research Your Options. An Introduction to Additive Manufacturing (Also known as 3D printing) by Dr. The Supfina RollerPro is the sprinters among the Superfinishing machines. The world of rolling bearings is almost endless. Supfina North America Tel. Additive Manufacturing (AM), allowing the layer-by-layer fabrication of products characterized by a shape complexity unobtainable with conventional manufacturing routes, has been widely recognized. These are just a few unique. We are committed to superior quality and excellent customer. 1. Valuable contribution to Aerospace engineering #aerospace additive manufacturing #additivemanufacturing 3D printing #3dprinting…Ready to start your project? Have questions? We can't wait to hear from you!The DANA 44 ring and pinion used in this study consists of a 46-tooth, 10-bolt hole, ring gear and a 26 spline, 13-tooth pinion gear, resulting in a 3. From the most intricate additive parts to surgical and medical parts, our high-energy tumbling and vibratory machines can finish and deburr parts in mass quantities in. either chemically assisted superfinishing or stream or drag finishing to improve the surface,. The machines are custom designed to meet customer specifications and can be equipped. Isotropic superfinishing--sometimes called Chemically Accelerated Surface Finishing (CASF)--is done by placing the metal parts in a vibratory bowl along with pieces of ceramic and a chemical additive. 3. The material-conversion processes usually start with a forging or forming process followed by soft (green) machining to create the desired form and. Jones. Supfina. Powder-bed fusion, DED, Binder Jet, Metal FDM, we’ve got additive polishing solutions to meet your surface finishing needs. Smoothing For Additive Manufacturing. One-off or short-run parts are possible without tooling. It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control, with the material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by. Enrollment No. Superfinishing tape or stone, brushing and polishing. Machine. Creation of a surface with a high load-bearing capacity and good lubricating properties. Creative in design / construction- development, design / construction- optimization, Lean Manufacturing as well as design- cost reduction and visualization, confirmed by many years of experience with many projects in Denmark and abroad. Automotive 17 Nov 2023. The greatest possible flexibility when machining any raceway geometries. Learn what superfinishing is, about applicants it should be used for and reasons to have record nursing if specifying surface finish parameters. Shot Peening;. Parts and components. Almost all computer-aided design (CAD) packages allow the creation of stereolithography (STL) files, which are translated into machine commands to drive the AM process. 1 Magnetic Abrasive Finishing 6. The Metal Additive Manufacturing (Metal AM) Industry is revolutionizing manufacturing processes and part design. The process called superfinishing, also known as microfinishing, is a secondary operation that follows grinding or hard turning operations as a last surface preparation operation. Srinivasan et al. For the work. C. When precise accuracy and/or surface finish are required, grinding is often used. (5 mm). The material could be a polymer, concrete, metal or even a composite. Learn what. Suitable turning and milling applications include roughing, semi-finishing and finishing, as well as interrupted cuts. Superfinishing removes 1-2 microns of stock on radius and requires less energy. . However, currently, only a few alloys can be reliably additively manufactured as the vast majority of the alloys in use today are not explicitly designed for this manufacturing route. Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes alone cannot usually meet surface roughness requirements. While traditional machining methods fabricate parts by cutting away at material, additive manufacturing builds parts up layer by layer. Metal powder b.